Salih Rushdi

Predicting the mass transfer coefficient (K) is one of the most important parameters in industrial separation processes, as it greatly determines the efficacy of distillation in separating components between the liquid and vapor phases. Traditional approaches find it difficult to model K dependence on operational factors such as reflux ratio, molar feed flow rate, and feed composition. This research combines the Aspen Hysys simulation and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to write K as a function of these variables in a benzene-toluene binary system. Aspen Hysys was used to simulate a continuous distillation column that produced K values under different conditions. This data was used to train an ANN (3:4:1 multilayer perceptron) to predict K. The ANN's training performance was 95.3%, and its predictive accuracy was high. This composite method can improve predictive performance in the optimization of distillation column design and operation. It can be effectively used as a tool in industrial practice.

Biodiesel represents a renewable alternative fuel that reduces dependence on petroleum and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, biodiesel was produced from castor oil via alkaline transesterification to investigate the influence of temperature on mass transfer between the immiscible oil and alcohol phases. A series of transesterification experiments were carried out using methanol and a homogeneous alkaline catalyst (1.12 wt% KOH). The temperature was varied at 35 °C, 50°C, and 65°C to evaluate its influence on the mass transfer rate between the oil and alcohol phases. The molar ratio of methanol to oil was maintained at 14.12:1, and each experiment was conducted for a reaction time of 60 minutes. Increasing temperature significantly enhanced interfacial diffusion, reduced viscosity, and increased miscibility between the two phases. The intersection of TG and FAME curves occurred earlier at higher temperatures, at 65 °C, triglyceride (TG) conversion reached 92% within 10 min and approximately 99% after 60 min, while slower conversions were observed at 35 °C and 50 °C. Product composition and FAME yield were evaluated by GC-MS examination at the Ministry of Industry and Minerals' Industrial Research and Development Authority. Overall, the study highlights that optimized temperature conditions minimize mass transfer limitations, improves phase interaction and conversion efficiency also shortens the total reaction time supporting the creation of an effective and sustainable method of producing biodiesel process from renewable castor oil feedstock.

Ibuprofen is classified as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAID). This medication is employed for the treatment of several ailments, encompassing mild to moderate pain such as toothache, migraine, and period pain. Additionally, it is used to alleviate high-temperature fevers resembling influenza, reduce inflammation in tissues, and manage conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, and gout, among others. Despite the relative simplicity of ibuprofen's structure, it possesses significant structural complexity to enable a broader variety of acquisition methods. Numerous techniques for acquiring it with possible industrial utility have been discovered since the inception of its initial commercial use. The majority of commercially viable industrial processes utilized for the synthesis of ibuprofen are derived from isobutyl-benzene (IBB). Commercial isobutyl benzene (IBB) is synthesized through the reaction between propene and toluene. The conversion of isobutyl benzene ranges from (18.05%) to (19.8%) at various values of reaction temperature and from the results we can see that the reaction time has a significant effect on the isobutyl benzene conversion.

Bubble columns are widely used in various industrial processes such as wastewater treatment, fermentation, and gas-liquid reactions due to their simplicity and effectiveness in mass transfer operations. In this study, we investigate the influence of gas holdup and gas velocity on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a bubble column reactor. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient is a critical parameter that affects the efficiency of gas-liquid mass transfer processes. Through experimental analysis and computational modeling, we systematically examine the relationship between gas holdup, gas velocity, and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient. In this study, volumetric mass transfer coefficient kL.a was calculated using air in water. The data obtained are in the range of superficial gas velocity (0.03-0.2398) m/s for air water system. The experiments were carried out using 0.1 m column diameter with 2 mm hole diameter and 79 holes gas distributor. From the experimental data it was found that kL.a increased with increasing of gas holdup and increasing of superficial gas velocity.

Biodiesel production provides a diversified and renewable energy source offering lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional diesel. It also offers economic benefits by reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels. Castor oil transesterification is an essential process in the creation of biodiesel. In this experimental study, castor oil transesterified using methanol, and potassium hydroxide was the catalyst. The effects of various reaction parameters, including temperature, the molar ratio of methanol to oil, and catalyst concentration, on the biodiesel yield were studied and optimized by the conventional method followed by the statistically based Box-Behnken design method. The maximum yield was reached at a temperature of 65°C, a molar ratio of 12:1 methanol to oil, and a catalyst concentration of 1.5% by weight. The yield of biodiesel under these conditions was 93%. The optimized results of experiments showed increases in yield to 93.36% at 65°C temperature, 14.12:1 a molar ratio methanol to oil, and a 1.12% by weight catalyst concentration; hence, the optimal temperature was the highest achieved value. The fatty acid methyl ester composition analysis revealed that the major constituents of the biodiesel were ricinoleic acid methyl ester, linoleic acid methyl ester, and oleic acid methyl ester. The findings of this research highlight the significance of selecting the appropriate reaction conditions to maximize biodiesel yield. Also, it was found that castor oil had the potential to be an essential feedstock for biodiesel production.

Ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has gained widespread recognition for its therapeutic properties in alleviating pain, reducing inflamm Ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has gained widespread recognition for its therapeutic properties in alleviating pain, reducing inflamm

Over the past century, and particularly in the last two decades, there has been a massive increase in the need for efficient and sustainable methods of generating energy from waste items. Due to the exponential rise in effluent-laden wastewater from businesses, the food and agriculture sectors, and the environment, wastewater treatment has also received a lot of attention in recent years. Numerous wastewater treatment methods have been developed throughout the years, but most of them fall short in terms of energy recovery rates, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Since microbial fuel cells carry out bio-electrochemical reactions on organic, biodegradable substances to oxidize them and produce electricity that can be used, they can be a significant help in addressing both of these problems at once. In this overview, we go over the elements that determine the microbial fuel cell’s performance, how they work, how protons and electrons are transferred, the many forms that were created in terms of advantages and disadvantages, and the fuel that these cells run on.

Emerging environmental contaminants such as pharmaceutical and other chemicals can affect human health. This show the importance of eliminating pollutants from water by using sustainable carbonaceous materials such as activated carbon. Porous activated carbon has been used in many critical periods of human history. Because of the numerous environmental advantages that lignocellulose precursors and biomass sources provide have risen to prominence as primary raw materials for this product and have excellent performance and a low risk of side effects. From the adsorbent and adsorbate properties (as well as operating conditions) to adsorption, this paper provides a short review of the many elements that influence the adsorption process, from the manufacture of activated carbon to its uses of it. Research and development needs are found in a review of the available literature, which leads to more widespread and long-term use of activated carbon to remove pharmaceuticals from water.

Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained by pressing entire olives and extracting the oil from olives, which are a common Mediterranean tree crop. It’s used in variou