Evgenii Kharitonov

Animal welfare includes health but also concerns the need for natural factors that contribute to the increase in viability. Therefore, quantitative parameters are necessary to predict the risks of early culling of cows. In the study of the age dynamics of the disposal rate (culling for sum of reasons + death) in dairy cow populations, it was found that the average productive life span can be predicted by the value of the reciprocal culling/death rate (reciprocal value of Gompertz function) at the first lactation. This means that this potential of viability is formed during the developmental periods preceding the onset of lactation activity. Therefore, taking into account current data in the field of developmental biology, it can be assumed that the structural prerequisites for viability potential are laid down during prenatal development and in the early periods of postnatal life. To prevent unfavorable deviations in these processes due to negative welfare effects, it is advisable to monitor the physiological status of mothers and young animals using biosensors and Big Data systems.

In order to clarify the mechanism of the depression of milk fat formation and preserve the health of animals, the aim of the research was to study the characteristics of rumen digestion, energy metabolism, and milk composition in high-producing dairy cows with high and low levels of milk fat that are fed the same diet. Two groups of cows with normal milk fat content (3.94 ± 0.12; n = 10) and low milk fat content (2.95 ± 0.14, n = 10) contained in the same diet were identified. Gas exchange (O₂ uptake and CO₂ output) was studied in cows and blood samples, rumen contents (pH, NH₃-N), and VFA and milk (fat, protein, and fatty acid composition) were collected and analyzed. It was determined that cows with low fat milk are more efficient at using the metabolized energy of their diets due to the tendency to have a decrease in the proportion of heat production (by 6.2 MJ; p = 0.055) and an earlier start of a positive energy balance. At the same time, the fat content in milk did not depend on the level of hormones in the blood or on the formation of acetate in the rumen. An analysis of the duration of the productive use of cows on this farm (n = 650) showed that the number of lactations was inversely correlated with the level of fat in milk (r = −0.68; p < 0.05, n = 1300). These results indicate the advantages of cows that can reduce the fat content of their milk in the first months of lactation.

Рассмотрены 2 основные оценки энергетической питательности кормов и жиров при нормировании питания высокопродуктивного молочного скота. Проведено определение переваримости жира распространенных кормов и жировых добавок методом in sacco в рубце и методом мобильных мешочков в кишечнике, переваримости и усвояемости энергии кормового жира на основании дифференцированных балансовых опытов на коровах. Изучение переваривания липидов в рубце и кишечнике показало, что липиды исследованных кормов на 6086 подвергались перевариванию в рубце. От 4,3 до 16 липидов переваривалось в кишечнике. Установлено, что переваримость жира как в рубце, так и в кишечнике выше у зерновых кормов и шротов по сравнению с грубыми кормами. Изучение переваримости коммерческих защищенных кормовых жиров в рубце методом in sacco в кишечнике методом мобильных мешочков, показало, что только небольшая часть образцов обладает необходимыми характеристиками для этого класса кормовых средств. Для сравнения методов оценки общей...

When feeding single-type diets to cows, differences in digestion associated with different feed intake rates, masticatory activity and rate of outflow of feed particles from the rumen, and different volumes of absorption of the end products of digestion can be observed. The study of these aspects is important for explaining the differences in the composition of milk of cows with different fat and protein beet and the development of ways to manage the biosynthesis of milk components. The aim of the research was to study the characteristics of nutrition, metabolism and biosynthesis of milk components in highly productive dairy cows with normal and low milk fat levels and the timing of their economic use. The trials were performed on multiparous cows of Holstein breed on the 80 day of lactation on this different milk fat and milk production 39.7 ± 0.75 kg (4.1 ± 0.24% of milk fat in сows with high (n=10) and 2.8 ± 0,13 with low fat content of milk (n=10)). The materials obtained in the experiment was biometrically processed using the ANOVA method. Study the characteristics of fermentation of scar formation substrates and their use in energy metabolism and biosynthesis of the milk components. Found that low fat milk is not associated with a lack of formation of acetate in the rumen (6.1 vs. 6.6 mmol/dl in the contents of the rumen, р>0.05) and the change in the hormonal profile, but depends on the reduction of fatty acids synthesis de novo in mammary gland, regulated by conjugated higher fatty acids. The result is a reduction in the need of cows in the exchange energy (reduction of heat transfer by 6.2 MJ), a shorter service period (109.5 vs.139 days) and the prolongation of their productive use (the number of lactations correlated back with the level of fat in milk (r=-0.68, p<0.05, n=1300).

Two experiments on cows were completed to specification of norms of a protein feed for cows in the beginning of a lactation on first -heifers a method of the periods (4х3) and a method of the groups - periods (3х2) on pubertal cows of black-and-white breed in conditions of a vivarium in the first 2 months of a lactation. In all periods of experiment of a cow received hay - silage-concentrates rations. In the first experience, increasing a level of a metabolic protein in a ration on 5,8 and 11,7 %. In the second experience the trial group obtained in structure a ration of a metabolic protein on 16 % and on 9,5 % is more than control group due to different structure of a mixed food. The researches lead by us have shown, that for rising milk yields at cows with a normal fatness before calving and medium a level of milk efficiency on a pique of a lactation up to 30кg milk, production of milk protein in the first phase of a lactation of cows (up to 10 %) is possible for increasing by augmentation of a level of metabolic protein in rations on 10 % till 45-th day of a lactation. Further of cows it is necessary to nurture on existing norms of a metabolizable protein.

In experiments on surgically modified ruminants were obtained data determining quantitatively conversion of feed components in the rumen and intestine and subsequently incorporation of conversion products into metabolic pool and utilization of substrates for biosynthesis of milk component and...