Dany Marcelo Tasan Cruz

The construction sector is the industry with the highest generation of waste compared to other economic sectors. The construction and demolition waste (CDW) generated at construction sites pose an environmental problem due to their quantity and management, which requires solutions to prevent increasing the planet's pollution. For this reason, many professionals and academics have worked on finding solutions to mitigate the impact caused by the sector, specifically by improving the waste management system through a circular economy. In this regard, numerous studies have designed new materials and products to reduce environmental impact, analysed the incorporation of CDW in the manufacture of new alternative construction materials, such as plasters, mortars, and concretes with various percentages of CDW. One of the materials used on site to facilitate and optimize the transport and unloading of reinforcement steel is single-use slings, which are a common waste in construction sites and could be used as an alternative raw material for manufacturing construction materials. This would reduce waste that would otherwise be sent to landfills or incinerators, with the consequent emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Therefore, this doctoral thesis analyses the incorporation of polypropylene fiber CDW, from single-use slings, into a gypsum and plaster matrix. The studied samples include polypropylene fibers in the range of 1% to 4%, and the compounds were tested to determine their physical, mechanical, thermal, and microscopic behaviour. The results obtained from the various tests indicate that the maximum amount of fibers that can be incorporated into gypsum and plaster pastes is 3%, and the series with 4% incorporation can only be used for laboratory studies due to their higher care requirements and lower performance in production. The incorporation of recovered polymeric fibers into gypsum and plaster mortars shows an improvement in mechanical and physical properties, confirming the suitability of applying these fibers in construction elements used in building construction. RESUMEN El sector de la construcción es la industria con mayor generación de residuos con respecto a los demás sectores económicos, estos residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD) generados en las obras son un problema para el medioambiente, por su cantidad y gestión, lo que obliga a dar soluciones para que estos RCD no incrementen la contaminación del planeta. Por este motivo, han sido muchos los profesionales y académicos que han trabajado buscando soluciones para mitigar el impacto ocasionado por el sector y en concreto mejorar el sistema de gestión de sus residuos, a través de una economía circular. En este sentido han sido muchas las investigaciones que han diseñado nuevos materiales y productos que generen un menor impacto ambiental, analizado la incorporación de RCD para la fabricación de nuevos materiales de construcción alternativos, como por ejemplo yesos, morteros y hormigones con distintos porcentajes de RCD. Uno de los materiales utilizados en obra para favorecer y optimizar el transporte y la descarga de ferralla en las obras, son las eslingas no reutilizables, por lo que suponen un residuo habitual en las obras de construcción y podría ser incorporado como materia prima alternativa para la fabricación de materiales de construcción, reduciendo así el vertido de residuos que de otra forma serían destinados a vertederos o incineradoras con la consiguiente emisión de gases de efecto invernadero a la atmósfera. Por todo lo anterior, esta tesis doctoral analiza la incorporación de RCD de fibras polipropileno, procedentes de las eslingas de un solo uso, en una matriz de escayola y yeso. Las muestras estudiadas incorporan fibras de polipropileno en el rango del 1% al 4% y los compuestos se ensayaron para determinar su comportamiento físico, mecánico, térmico y microscópico. Los resultados obtenidos en los diferentes ensayos realizados determinan que la cantidad máxima de fibras que se pueden incorporar a los morteros de yeso y escayola es de 3% para mantener la trabajabilidad y comportamiento similar a los yesos y escayolas tradicionales. La incorporación de fibras poliméricas recuperadas en morteros de yeso y escayola presenta una mejora en las propiedades mecánicas y físicas que confirman la aptitud de la aplicación de estas fibras en elementos constructivos aplicables a la edificación.

Background Sustainable modular dwelling design for rural areas should focus on creating healthy and economically accessible spaces, sensitive to local needs and integrating environmental, functional, sociological and technological aspects. Flexibility is essential to reduce the initial investment and allow future transformations, optimizing the recovery and reuse of materials. These houses must be adaptable, safe and have basic services, satisfying the needs and stages of families’ development. In Ecuador, poverty and energy inefficiency worsen the quality of life in rural areas. This project in the Cebadas parish proposes modular dwelling that applies bioclimatic and sustainable criteria, using local materials to improve habitability and promote the social and economic development of the community. Method The research approach is qualitative-quantitative. Qualitative, since it is necessary to identify the qualities of the sector, bibliographic exploration of guidelines and sustainable strategies. Quantitative, to evaluate the degree of affectation through a diagnosis of the study site and to provide efficient solutions that respond to the context and social reality. Results The spaces presented in the proposal respond to the spatial need for growth and expansion of the users of the sector, through 6 basic guidelines that this type of dwelling should have: Environment, Visual, Form, Function, Bioclimatic and Materials. Conclusions The flexible modular dwelling project for rural environments addresses complex housing needs, highlighting the flexibility and adaptability of an expandable module. It includes income generation with a duplex apartment, fosters communal and cultural life with public and commercial spaces, promotes tourism and rural development with landscape design and crops. In addition, it ensures sustainability through bioclimatic strategies and responsible use of resources.

Background Sustainable modular dwelling design for rural areas should focus on creating healthy and economically accessible spaces, sensitive to local needs and integrating environmental, functional, sociological and technological aspects. Flexibility is essential to reduce the initial investment and allow future transformations, optimizing the recovery and reuse of materials. These houses must be adaptable, safe and have basic services, satisfying the needs and stages of families’ development. In Ecuador, poverty and energy inefficiency worsen the quality of life in rural areas. This project in the Cebadas parish proposes modular dwelling that applies bioclimatic and sustainable criteria, using local materials to improve habitability and promote the social and economic development of the community. Method The research approach is qualitative-quantitative. Qualitative, since it is necessary to identify the qualities of the sector, bibliographic exploration of guidelines and sustainable strategies. Quantitative, to evaluate the degree of affectation through a diagnosis of the study site and to provide efficient solutions that respond to the context and social reality. Results The spaces presented in the proposal respond to the spatial need for growth and expansion of the users of the sector, through 6 basic guidelines that this type of dwelling should have: Environment, Visual, Form, Function, Bioclimatic and Materials. Conclusions The flexible modular dwelling project for rural environments addresses complex housing needs, highlighting the flexibility and adaptability of an expandable module. It includes income generation with a duplex apartment, fosters communal and cultural life with public and commercial spaces, promotes tourism and rural development with landscape design and crops. In addition, it ensures sustainability through bioclimatic strategies and responsible use of resources.

Publicado em 03 de agosto de 2022. A coleção de trabalhos intitulada “Entre Ciencia e Ingenieria 3” é uma obra que tem como foco principal a discussão científica por intermédio de diversos trabalhos que compõe seus capítulos. O volume abordará de forma categorizada e interdisciplinar, pesquisas cujos resultados possam auxiliar na tomada de decisão, tanto no campo acadêmico, quanto no profissional. Nos capítulos apresentados, são encontrados estudos de grande valia nas áreas da simulação computacional, materias, gestão energética, aspectos industriais, estudos ambientais, na área da educação e otimização. A composição dos temas buscou a proposta de fundamentar o conhecimento de acadêmicos (as), mestres (as) e todos (as) aqueles (as) que de alguma forma se interessam pela área da Engenharia, através de temáticas atuais com resoluções inovadoras, descritas nos capítulos da coleção. Sendo assim, a divulgação científica é apresentada com grande importância para o desenvolvimento de toda uma nação, portanto, fica evidenciada a responsabilidade de transmissão dos saberes através de plataformas consolidadas e confiáveis, como a Atena Editora, capaz de oferecer uma maior segurança para os novos pesquisadores e os que já atuam nas diferentes áreas de pesquisa, exporem e divulgarem seus resultados. Armando Dias Duarte

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo realizar la revisión del estado del arte del adobe como material de construcción sostenible y vernáculo. En este sentido la hipótesis se refiere al planteamiento de una nueva metodología de elaboración del adobe sostenible donde confluyan las técnicas manuales con las pruebas de laboratorio. Para ello, se realizó un análisis bibliográfico referente al estado del arte de la elaboración adobe en parte de la zona urbano – rural de la ciudad de Riobamba, y su impacto ambiental; además, se describen algunos materiales para estabilización del adobe en la parte introductoria. La segunda parte se refiere, a la propuesta de esta investigación que consiste en el planteamiento de una metodología para elaboración del adobe, partiendo de la adecuada identificación y recolección de las muestras de suelo, y seguidamente realizar las distintas pruebas manuales de campo que permitirán conocer empíricamente la calidad del suelo, mientras que las pruebas de laboratorio físicas, químicas y mineralógicas permitirán científicamente seleccionar el tipo de suelo. Finalmente se exponen los resultados de simular el bloque de tierra y su comportamiento térmico, luego se comparan los resultados simulados y experimentales. Luego de la selección del tipo de suelo, se estableció la Norma peruana E.080 (2017) para la elaboración del bloque de adobe, haciendo énfasis en los beneficios de la estabilización del adobe con fibras naturales. La investigación bibliográfica realizada se espera sirva como modelo metodológico para futuras investigaciones para elaboración del adobe sostenible, considerando que los sistemas constructivos en tierra son parte del patrimonio y saberes ancestrales de la zona andina que se deben recuperar. Palabras clave: Adobe, elaboración, fibras naturales, pruebas de laboratorio, pruebas manuales. AbstractThis research aims to review the state of the art of adobe as a sustainable and vernacular construction material. In this sense, the hypothesis refers to the proposal of a new methodology for the elaboration of sustainable adobe where manual techniques converge with laboratory tests. For this, a bibliographic analysis was carried out regarding the state of the art of adobe production in part of the urban - rural area of Riobamba, and its environmental impact. Furthermore, some materials for adobe stabilization are described in the introductory part. The second part refers to the proposal of this research, which consists of the proposal of a methodology to elaborate adobe, starting from the adequate identification and collection of soil samples, and then carrying out the different manual field tests that will allow to know empirically the quality of the soil. The physical, chemical and mineralogical laboratory tests will lead to a scientific selection of the type of soil. Finally, the results of simulating the earth block and its thermal behavior were shown. After, the simulated and experimental results were compared. After selecting the type of soil, the Peruvian Standard E.080 (2017) was established to elaborate the adobe block, emphasizing on the benefits of stabilizing the adobe with natural fibers. The bibliographic research carried out is expected to serve as a methodological model for future research for the elaboration of sustainable adobe by considering that the construction systems on land are part of the heritage and ancestral knowledge of the Andean area that must be recovered.Keywords Adobe, crafting, natural fibers, lab tests, manual tests.