Ashwini Aithal Padur

Objective Detailed knowledge regarding the precise location of infraorbital foramen is necessary to avoid iatrogenic nerve injury during surgery. This study was designed to study the various morphometric measurements of the infraorbital foramen. Materials and methods Infraorbital foramina from fifty dry adult skulls were observed for variations in shape, number, and location to facial bony landmarks and maxillary teeth measured. Results The most common shape of the IOF on the right side was oval (40%), and on the left side of the skull, it was circular (44%). The horizontal diameters of the IOF were higher on left side (3.04±0.75mm in males, 3.26+0.91mm in females) than that of on right side (2.70+0.94mm in males and 2.70+1.15mm) which confirmed to be statistically significant difference. Conclusion There were no significant changes in other dimensions of IOF between male and female skulls and between the right and left sides. However, the distance from IOF to the zygomatico-maxillary suture and to the occlusal plane was noticeably higher in males when compared to females. BJMS, Vol. 24 No. 04 October’25 Page : 1254-1259

A sound knowledge of variations in the branching pattern of the abdominal aorta is crucial for operative, diagnostic, and endovascular procedures. We report a unilateral anomalous lateral branch of the abdominal aorta observed during dissection classes.This anomalous branch took origin from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta behind the left renal vein and pierced the left renal vein. After piercing the left renal vein, it traced a tortuous course through the peri-renal fat pad in front of the lower part of the left kidney. The artery then ran downward and laterally, pierced the anterior layer of thoracolumbar fascia, and continued to the posterior abdominal wall to supply its muscles. It also supplied the fat and fasciae around the kidney. Such an anomalous lateral branch could bleed significantly during renal surgery. It could also mislead radiologists during the invasive radiologic procedures.

Background The internal iliac artery (IIA) frequently shows variations in its branching pattern. Knowledge of its variations is helpful during gynecological and orthopedic surgical procedures.

Background: To determine and understand the factors influencing the willingness to become an organ donor among students of two different academic categories. Methodology: This cross-sectional study involved 100 undergraduate students of two different (50 from MBBS and 50 from information science) courses with a mean age of 22 years. Faculty validated, customized, and close-ended (5-point Likert scale) questionnaire was distributed to the randomly selected participants of both groups. The responses given by them were then analyzed statistically using the SPSS software version 16. Results: Factors that are considered in this study included knowledge, attitude, religious/family values, and perception. Both groups showed no significant differences in knowledge and religious/family values, agreeing that organ donation is a generous act. Significant differences were noted in the attitude level of the students unwilling to donate while alive ( P = 0.026), more willing to donate organs after death ( P = 0.011), and fear of surgical procedures and disfiguration of the body ( P = 0.035). Regarding perception, 80% of nonmedical students were aware that viable organs could be donated upon brain death of an individual and 52% of medical students agreed that after joining the MBBS course, they have become more willing to donate organs. Conclusion: Both groups of students have adequate knowledge of organ donation without the influence of religion or family issues; however, certain attitudes and perceptions indicate that medical students are more likely to be willing candidates for organ donation.

Introduction: Supraorbital neuralgia is manifested with pain and tenderness at the distribution of the supraorbital nerve (SN). Explicit knowledge of the location of SN is vital for clinicians performing regional nerve blocks to relieve the pain. In the present study, detailed measurements of the supraorbital foramen (SOF) and supraorbital notch (SON) of South Indian skulls are presented, and the data are compared with those from other populations. Methodology: One hundred SON/SOF were assessed morphometrically from 50 dried adult human skull. Relevant morphometric measurements were performed using Vernier caliper. The parameters used were horizontal and vertical diameters of SON/SOF, distance between SON/SOF from the supraorbital rim; SOF to the nasal skeletal midline; SOF to the temporal crest of the frontal bone, and SOF to the superior wall of the IOF. Data was analyzed using SPSSv16.0. Results: SON was more frequently found than SOF. The mean distance of SON/SOF to the nasal midline was 24.77 mm on right side and 23.36 mm on left side. The mean distance of SON/SOF to the temporal crest of frontal bone was 30.22 mm on both sides. Mean distance between SON/SOF to infraorbital foramen was 39.71 mm on right side and 40.41 mm on left side. Mean height of SOF was 1.38 mm on the right side and 1.31 mm on the left side. Mean transverse diameter of SON was 3.93 mm. Conclusion: Differences exist in the dimensions and position of SOF/SON among different races and people of other regions. Anatomical knowledge of SON/ SOF is essential in facilitating craniofacial surgical procedures and in the treatment of neuralgia. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 03 July’23 Page : 598-603

Morphometrics of the hard palate is an important aspect of forensic anthropology and odontology. Palatine triangle is a triangular area in the hard palate formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae, which can aid intraoral bone grafts. We present the osteological measurements of the palatine triangle (maxillary palate) based on sex, compare it with other hard palate parameters, and establish the correlation between them. Seventy-seven male skulls and 36 female skulls were examined. Various morphometric measurements of the hard palate and palatine triangle were performed meticulously. Mean and standard deviation of each parameter were computed for groups using SPSS 16.0. Relationships between all parameters were analyzed using Pearson’s rank correlation test. The mean palatine length was 38.84 ± 3.75 mm in males and 37.22 ± 4.12 mm in females; the mean palatine breadth was 31.36 ± 2.61 mm in males and 29.78 ± 3.07 mm in females. The mean area of the palatine triangle was 600.88 ± 80.16 mm² in male skulls and 547.96 ± 94.28 mm² in the female skulls. Statistically significant difference in various measurements of the palatine triangle and hard palate between the male and female skulls was noted. Leptostaphyline (narrow palate) was the most prominent type of palate. The area of the palatine triangle showed a strong positive correlation between the total length and breadth of the palate for both male and female skulls. A strong positive correlation was also observed between the palate length and the palatine triangle length. Palatine index and palate breadth had a statistically significant moderate linear relationship. The maxillary palate length, breadth, and area of the palatine triangle were higher in males when compared to females in South Indian origin skulls. Most of the skulls had a narrow palate. The results of this metric analysis of the palatine triangle may lead to a new concept of anatomical research into studying the hard palate, which can be used for sexual dimorphism.

The subclavian artery is a significant branch of the aortic arch. We present a rare case of a bilateral variation in the branching pattern of the subclavian artery, observed in an adult male cadaver aged 70 years. On both the sides of the neck, all the branches of the subclavian artery took their origin from its first part. There was a rare occurrence of a cervicodorsoscapular trunk, which gave rise to superficial cervical, suprascapular, and dorsal scapular arteries. The same branching pattern was observed on the left side of the neck, with the presence of another cervicodorsoscapular trunk. Thyrocervical trunk and transverse cervical artery were both absent from the cervical region bilaterally. The inferior thyroid artery was a direct branch from the subclavian artery. Knowledge regarding variations of the subclavian artery is very important as lateral cervical region arteries are important for flap harvesting in plastic and reconstruction surgery. Preoperative radiologic evaluation of pedicles might help in choosing the optimal flap design, prevent ischemic complications, and help to improve overall treatment outcomes.

Proteins of the macroglobulin family are prime targets of venom enzymes in snake bite. A massive reduction in the active concentration of these multifunctional proteins in snake bite, makes the living system vulnerable to dysregulation. This study investigates the ability of Indian polyvalent anti-snake venom (ASV), methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata (MAP) and their combination in rescuing human alpha 2-macroglobulin (A2MG) and its homologues in rat plasma, from inactivation by Naja naja (N.N) venom enzymes. In-vitro experiments were conducted with heparinized human plasma and in-vivo experiments with female Wistar rats. Along with appropriate controls, there were 3 test groups in in-vitro and 8 test groups in in-vivo experiments. The in-vitro test groups were exposed to N.N venom for zero, 30 or 90 min prior to incubation with ASV or MAP or reduced ASV supplemented with MAP and incubated for 16 h at 37 °C. Chymotrypsin-bound esterase (CTBE) activity of A2MG was estimated. Rats were administered the venom intramuscularly and treated with ASV/MAP/ASV + MAP. CTBE activity of macroglobulin homologues was measured on day 1, 7 and 14. Survival of animals was noted. In human plasma, addition of ASV or MAP or ASV + MAP prevented loss of A2MG activity maximally to the extent of 88–100% (p = 0.001). In rats, reduced concentration of ASV supplemented with MAP showed complete rescue of macroglobulin homologues and 90% survival. The compulsive evidence from this study, underscores the merits of using this multipronged strategy in rescuing the macroglobulins and improving survival in envenomation due to N.N.

Objective: Male gonadal toxicity is a common complication of modern anti-cancer treatments. Oxidative stress can lead to damage to the structure of testis and germ cells. Oxidative stress develops in association with an imbalance between reactive oxygen radicals and the antioxidant reserve system. Antioxidants are compound that protect cell against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sorafenib on antioxidative enzyme superoxide dismutase in testicular tissue of male Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: The animals were segregated into control, positive control, and treatment groups (n=6 in each group). Treatment group received 25, 50 and 100mg/kg body weight of sorafenib orally for seven consecutive days at intervals of 24 hours between two administrations. Positive control group received 100 mg/kg body weight of imatinib. The animals were sacrificed at the end of 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 7th and 10th week after the last exposure to sorafenib. The testis were removed, weighed, and processed for superoxide dismutase activity assay. Results: The superoxide dismutase activity was reduced significantly (P<0.05) during the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th and 7th week sampling time in mice treated with all the doses of sorafenib. Superoxide dismutase activity returned closer to control group in 10th week sampling time. Conclusion: The administration of sorafenib decreases the superoxide dismutase activity in testicular tissue. It lead to imbalance between antioxidant system and reactive oxygen species generation, which produced the oxidative stress.