β‐Carotene and β‐cryptoxanthin but not lutein evoke redox and immune changes in RAW264 murine macrophages

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Abstract
The mechanism of immunological benefits induced by carotenoids has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated some of the immunity‐related properties of β‐carotene and two other carotenoids, β‐cryptoxanthin, and lutein, on the murine macrophages cell line RAW264. β‐Carotene added to the culture medium accumulated in the cells in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The accumulation was positively correlated with cellular lipid peroxidation, demonstrating the pro‐oxidative activity of β‐carotene, and also with the synthesis of glutathione, an intracellular antioxidant. Conversely, accumulation of β‐carotene was negatively correlated with the transcription of immune‐active molecules, such as IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐12 p40, in cells stimulated by LPS and INF‐γ. The transcription of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐6 was more sensitive to the accumulation of β‐carotene than was IL‐12 p40. The accumulation of β‐cryptoxanthin in cells resulted in effects similar to those of β‐carotene. However, lutein accumulated minimally and did not significantly affect the cells. These results demonstrate that β‐carotene, and β‐cryptoxanthin as well, can accumulate in RAW264 cells and induce changes in intracellular redox status, which in turn regulate the immune function of macrophages.

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