Mutualism, resource competition and opposing movements amongTurkish organizations inAmsterdam andBerlin, 1965–2000

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Abstract
This article seeks to understand environmental effects on associational interdependencies, be they competitive or collaborative, in a polarized organizational population. To do so, it builds on the density‐dependent model and the ecology of ideologies. Especially interested in the effect of context on density‐dependent processes,Icompare differentTurkish ideological movements inAmsterdam andBerlin.Amsterdam represents an open and supportive environment for such movements, whereasBerlin constitutes a more closed and hostile one. By analysing the founding and disbanding rates ofTurkish immigrant organizations inAmsterdam andBerlin during the period 1965–2000, the article demonstrates how the increasing density ofTurkish ideologies has affected interdependencies in two main ways: by heightening competition, particularly between ideologically similar organizations, and by increasing counter activities between opposing movements. It also shows that the influence of context is limited. An open environment does not significantly influence the vitality rates of ideologies or further collaboration among or between them. On the contrary, it seemingly increases competition and fragmentation because more resources and opportunities are available. More signs of collaboration and mutualism are found inBerlin's closed environment.

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