The chapter describes some philosophical and anthropological background of conservation concepts. Starting with a discussion on “nature” and “natural” in Western thinking, it describes the different meanings of “nature” in Western culture and its potential consequences for conservation. In an extended case study it is explored what it could mean to speak of nature as “socially constructed” and why this is only rarely something that has a negative impact on conservation. While the book is focused mainly on Western ideas of nature conservation, it is necessary to also consider non-Western ideas of nature and conservation because Western ideas are often taken for granted and as universal to all humans. Some brief examples from non-Western cultures demonstrate that and why this is an erroneous assumption. The difficulties to “translate” or harmonise between Western and non-Western ideas of nature and conservation are taken up again by means of another case study, analysing the debate about the Conceptual Framework for the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Finally it is briefly elaborated if or to what degree a narrative approach to conservation concepts may also be a tool to “translate” between Western and non-Western ideas of nature and nature conservation.