Tracking Multidrug Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria in Alexandria, Egypt (2020–2023): An Integrated Analysis of Patient Data and Diagnostic Tools

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Abstract
Background: The rise in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in Egypt, particularly in hospital settings, poses a significant public health challenge. This study aims to develop a combined epidemiological surveillance tool utilizing the Microreact online platform (version 269) and molecular microarray technology to track and analyze carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli strains in Egypt. The objective is to integrate molecular diagnostics and real-time data visualization to better understand the spread and evolution of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Methods: The study analyzed 43 E. coli isolates collected from Egyptian hospitals between 2020 and 2023. Nanopore sequencing and microarray analysis were used to identify carbapenemase genes and other resistance markers, whereas the VITEK2 system was employed for phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing. Microreact was used to visualize epidemiological data, mapping the geographic and temporal distribution of resistant strains. Results: We found that 72.09% of the isolates, predominantly from pediatric patients, carried the blaNDM-5 gene, while other carbapenemase genes, including blaOXA-48 and blaVIM, were also detected. The microarray method demonstrated 92.9% diagnostic sensitivity and 87.7% diagnostic specificity compared to whole-genome sequencing. Phenotypic resistance correlated strongly with next-generation sequencing (NGS) genotypic data, achieving 95.6% sensitivity and 95.2% specificity. Conclusions: This method establishes the utility of combining microarray technology, NGS and real-time data visualization for the surveillance of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, especially E. coli. The high concordance between genotypic and phenotypic data underscores the potential of DNA microarrays as a cost-effective alternative to whole-genome sequencing, especially in resource-limited settings. This integrated approach can enhance public health responses to MDR bacteria in Egypt.
Funding Information
  • Federal Ministry of Education and Research (13GW0458D, LPI-BT5 Leibniz IPHT 13N15717)
  • Photonics Research Germany (13GW0458D, LPI-BT5 Leibniz IPHT 13N15717)

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