The role of flexibility and joint mobility in injury prevention and their effect on physical performance

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Abstract
Introduction. Flexibility and joint mobility are fundamental determinants of efficient and safe movement execution. They play an important role in injury prevention during daily activities, training, and competitive performance, and substantially influence athletic outcomes. Between the ages of 20 and 49, flexibility declines by approximately 10% per decade. Stretching is one of the primary interventions used to restore, maintain, and enhance flexibility. Evidence suggests that regular and structured stretching programs can preserve joint range of motion and improve mobility. Stretching has also been proposed to enhance physical performance, facilitate post-exercise recovery, and reduce injury risk. Discussion. Stretching constitutes an essential component of both athletic training and rehabilitation; therefore, identifying the optimal timing, volume, and intensity of stretching within motor learning and re-education programs is of considerable importance. However, despite widespread application, the scientific literature has not yet reached a clear consensus regarding its effects, as evidence remains inconsistent or insufficient for several commonly cited benefits. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize current evidence on the effects of dynamic and static stretching on injury prevention and physical performance. Conclusion. It remains difficult to definitively determine whether stretching exerts predominantly beneficial or adverse effects. Given the heterogeneity and often contradictory findings in the existing literature, stretching protocols should be individualized, with careful consideration of the type, volume, and intensity of stretching in relation to the specific goals of rehabilitation or athletic training.

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