Lateral Earth Pressure: the Accurate Experimental Determination of the Lateral Earth Pressure, Together with A Resume of Previous Experiments

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Abstract
This paper describes the first complete set of tests using large-sized apparatus for measuring directly by means of platform scales the components of the active pressure on a model wall, 6 ft. high and 5 ft. wide. The only restraints on the wall were the measuring devices. Tests with sand under various conditions, u sing vertical and battered walls backed with wood, glass, and sheet iron, indicate the reliability of the Poncelet theory of the maximum wedge causing oblique pressure.