The neuron mixer and its impact on human brain dynamics

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Abstract
A signal mixer made of a transistor or a diode facilitates rich computation, which has been the building block of modern telecommunications. The mixing produces new signals at the sum and difference frequencies of the input, thereby enabling powerful operations such as frequency conversion (aka heterodyning), phase detection, and multiplexing. Here, we report that a neural cell is also a signal mixer. We found through ex-vivo and in-vivo whole-cell measurements that neurons mix exogenous (controlled) and endogenous (spontaneous) subthreshold membrane potential oscillations, producing new oscillation frequencies. We show, using pharmacological manipulation, that the neural mixing originates in the voltage-gated ion channels. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the neural mixing dynamic is evident in human brain activity and is associated with cognitive functions. We found that the human electroencephalogram (EEG) displays distinct clusters of local and inter-region mixing interactions. By quantifying the strength of these interactions before a task, we show that converting the salient posterior alpha-beta oscillations into gamma-band oscillations regulates the visual attention state. Neural circuit oscillations have been observed in nearly every cognitive domain and species, and abnormal spectra of neural oscillations have been found in almost all brain disorders. Signal mixing enables individual neurons to actively sculpt the spectrum of their circuit oscillations and utilize them for computational operations, which have only been seen in modern telecommunication until now.
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