Exploring fibroblast interactions on nanocrystalline surfaces in physiological environments through a phenomenological lens

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Abstract
The cytological behaviour and functional dynamics (adhesion, spreading, synthesis of proteins) of fibroblasts when interacting with biomedical surfaces are intricately influenced by the inherent nature of surface (nanocrystalline or microcrystalline), where the nanocrystalline (NC) surface is preferred in relation to the microcrystalline (MC) surface. This preference is a direct consequence of the distinct differences in physical and chemical characteristics between NC and MC surfaces, which include crystal boundary bio-physical attributes, electron work function, surface energy, and charge carrier density. The observed variances in cytological behaviour at the interfaces of NC and MC bio-surfaces can be attributed to these fundamental differences, particularly accounting for the percentage and nature of crystal boundaries. Recognising and understanding these physical and chemical characteristics establish the groundwork for formulating precise guidelines crucial in the development of the forthcoming generation of biomedical devices. The significance of nanoscale surface in favourably modulating the cellular functionality is described with the aim to provide the solution to the current day challenges in the biomedical arena. Furthermore, the perspective presented advances the nano-bio science forward by implying that the nanoscale structure induces chemical and physical changes that can be considered responsible for favourable modulation of cellular activity in the living organism.

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