Use of Methylphenidate for Hypoactive Delirium: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

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Abstract
Background: Delirium is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome common in all medical settings. An acute change in cognition characterizes a disturbance of consciousness, usually resulting from an underlying medical condition or withdrawal from medications or drugs. Three different subtypes of delirium have been identified based on the motor symptoms exhibited by the patient: hyperactive, hypoactive, and mixed. This study aims to review the use of methylphenidate for treating hypoactive delirium. Methods: The review was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. We performed a literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, and clinical trial registries from 1990 to 15 March 2023. Results: A total of 115 articles were identified. After removing duplicates, 68 abstracts were reviewed by all the authors. Then, 13 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Three articles were deemed eligible for the systematic review. These included one prospective clinical study, one case series, and one case report. The total number of participants was 17, with multiple comorbidities. Most studies reported using methylphenidate for hypoactive delirium in terminally ill patients. All reviewed studies reported symptomatic benefits in individuals with hypoactive delirium. Conclusions: Methylphenidate may be beneficial in treating hypoactive delirium in terminally ill patients. Clinical trials are needed to assess the safety and efficacy of methylphenidate in Hypoactive delirium.

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