Evaluation and projection of precipitation in Pakistan using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 model simulations

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Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the performance of global climate models (GCMs) from the family of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) in the historical simulation of precipitation and select the best performing GCMs for future projection of precipitation in Pakistan under multiple shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). The spatiotemporal performance of GCMs was evaluated against the Climate Research Unit (CRU) data in simulating annual precipitation during 1951–2014, using the Taylor diagram and interannual variability skill (IVS). Moreover, the modified Mann–Kendall (mMK) and Sen's slope estimator (SSE) tests were employed to estimate significant trends in future precipitation for the period 2015–2100. Based on the comprehensive ranking index (CRI), the HadGEM3‐GC31‐MM model has the highest skill in simulating precipitation distributions followed by EC‐Earth3‐Veg‐LR, CNRM‐ESM2‐1, MPI‐ESM1‐2‐HR, CNRM‐CM6‐1, MRI‐ESM2‐0, CNRM‐CM6‐1‐HR, EC‐Earth3‐Veg, MCM‐UA‐1‐0, INM‐CM5‐0, KACE‐1‐0‐G, CAMS‐CSM1‐0, and HadGEM3‐GC31‐LL models. Furthermore, the projections of the best models ensemble mean (BMEM) showed that the study region will experience a substantial increase in precipitation under SSP3‐7.0 and SSP5‐8.5 but an indolent rise under SSP1‐2.6 and SSP2‐4.5 scenarios. The summer and annual precipitations exhibit a statistically significant increasing trend relative to the winter season under most scenarios. Moreover, the magnitude of monotonic trends in seasonal and annual precipitation progresses from low forcing scenario (SSP1‐2.6) to high forcing scenario (SSP5‐8.5). The findings of the study could provide a benchmark in selecting appropriate GCMs for future projection over a data scare region, like Pakistan. Moreover, the projected trends of future precipitation are crucial in devising adaption and mitigation actions towards sustainable planning of water resource management, food security, and disaster risk management.
Funding Information
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (42130405)

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