Low Dietary Iodine Intake and Sex-Specific Mortality in Kidney Transplant Recipients

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Abstract
Key Points: Inadequate iodine intake is common among kidney transplant recipients, particularly in women. Among female kidney transplant recipients, inadequate iodine intake and lower urinary iodine excretion were independently associated with higher mortality. These findings suggest that iodine status may represent a modifiable factor influencing long-term outcomes after kidney transplantation. Background: Low iodine intake may be a modifiable risk factor for reduced survival among kidney transplant recipients (KTR). Therefore, we performed sex-stratified analyses to examine whether inadequate iodine intake and low 24-hour urinary iodine excretion are associated with increased mortality. Methods: Adult KTR from the TransplantLines Food and Nutrition Biobank and Cohort Study were included and compared with healthy controls. Associations between 24-hour urinary iodine intake (continuous and classified as inadequate P < 0.001), and urinary iodine excretion was lower (173 [139–231] versus 265 [216–322] μ mol/24 h; P < 0.001) in KTR than controls. Similar findings were observed among men (inadequate intake: 14% versus 6%, P = 0.03; urinary excretion: 211 [161–262] versus 302 [236–361] μ mol/24 h; P < 0.001). During a median follow-up of 5.6 (5.2–6.3) years, 136 (22%) KTR died. The associations of inadequate iodine intake and 24-hour urinary iodine excretion with mortality were modified by sex ( P interaction = 0.02; P interaction = 0.08), respectively. Among female KTR, inadequate iodine intake (hazard ratio, 3.16 [95% confidence interval, 1.70 to 5.86]; P < 0.001) and lower urinary iodine excretion (hazard ratio per halving 1.89 [95% confidence interval, 1.32 to 2.63]; P < 0.001) were both associated with higher mortality in multivariable analyses. In male KTR, inadequate iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion were not associated with increased mortality (both P > 0.05). Conclusions: KTR have lower urinary iodine excretion compared with healthy controls and more frequently fell below the threshold for inadequate iodine intake, particularly among women. Inadequate iodine intake was independently associated with an increased mortality in female, but not in male KTR, underscoring a potential sex-specific vulnerability. These findings support further investigation into whether improving iodine status could reduce mortality, particularly among female KTR. Clinical Trial registry name and registration number: NCT02811835
Funding Information
  • Top Institute Food and Nutrition (A-1003)

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