A 280 μW, 108 dB DR PPG-Readout IC With Reconfigurable, 2nd-Order, Incremental ΔΣM Front-End for Direct Light-to-Digital Conversion

This paper reports on a low-power readout IC (ROIC) for high-fidelity recording of the photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal. The system comprises a highly reconfigurable, continuous-time, ${2^{nd}}$ -order, incremental delta-sigma modulator (I ${\Sigma\Delta}$ M) as a light-to-digital converter (LDC), a 2-channel 10b light-emitting diode (LED) driver, and an integrated digital signal processing (DSP) unit. The LDC operation in intermittent conversion phases coupled with digital assistance by the DSP unit allow signal-aware, on-the-fly cancellation of the dc and ambient light-induced components of the photodiode current for more efficient use of the full-scale input range for recording of the small-amplitude, ac, PPG signal. Fabricated in TSMC 0.18μm 1P/6M CMOS, the PPG ROIC exhibits a high dynamic range of 108.2dB and dissipates on average 15.7μW from 1.5V in the LDC and 264μW from 2.5V in one LED (and its driver), while operating at a pulse repetition frequency of 250Hz and 3.2% duty cycling. The overall functionality of the ROIC is also demonstrated by high-fidelity recording of the PPG signal from a human subject fingertip in the presence of both natural light and indoor light sources of 60Hz.