Anion photoelectron spectroscopy of germanium and tin clusters containing a transition- or lanthanide-metal atom; MGen− (n = 8–20) and MSnn− (n = 15–17) (M = Sc–V, Y–Nb, and Lu–Ta)

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Abstract
The electronic properties of germanium and tin clusters containing a transition- or lanthanide-metal atom from group 3, 4, or 5, MGen (M = Sc, Ti, V, Y, Zr, Nb, Lu, Hf, and Ta) and MSnn (M = Sc, Ti, Y. Zr, and Hf), were investigated by anion photoelectron spectroscopy at 213 nm. In the case of the group 3 elements Sc, Y, and Lu, the threshold energy of electron detachment of MGen − exhibits local maxima at n = 10 and 16, while in the case of the group 4 elements Ti, Zr, and Hf, it exhibits a local minimum only at n = 16, associated with the presence of a small bump in the spectrum. A similar behavior is observed for MSnn − around n = 16, and these electronic characteristics of MGen and MSnn are closely related to those of MSin. Compared to MSin, however, the larger cavity size of a Gen cage allows metal atom encapsulation at a smaller size n. A cooperative effect between the electronic and geometric structures of clusters with a large cavity of Ge16 or Sn16 is discussed together with the results of experiments that probe their geometric stability via their reactivity to H2O adsorption.

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