Advancing Cancer Therapy with Nanomaterials Targeting Metalloptosis Mechanisms

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Abstract
Despite the widespread use of traditional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, these approaches often suffer from significant drawbacks. Nanomaterials (NMs) are a promising alternative due to their distinct nanoscale properties which enable more precise drug delivery and reduced off-target effects. Recently, cuproptosis and ferroptosis have emerged as novel forms of programmed cell death regulated by metal ions, offering novel pathways for cancer therapy. Cuproptosis, caused by copper ion accumulation, leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, while ferroptosis, driven by iron-mediated lipid peroxidation, disrupts cellular integrity through oxidative stress. Here, we propose to explore how NMs can be harnessed to induce metalloptosis, for advanced cancer treatment strategies. Variations in NM size, morphology, and the synergistic effects of composite NMs complicate the identification of individual mechanisms. Use of NMs in cancer therapy, requires focusing on the precise design and regulation of metalloptosis pathways.

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