Alpha-particle therapy for neuroendocrine tumors: A focused review

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Abstract
Since Rudolf Heidenhain first identified neuroendocrine cells in 1870, our understanding of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has advanced significantly. The increasing incidence and prevalence of NETs, combined with complete tumor resection being the only curative option, has driven the search for effective treatments. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, which combines radioactive elements with octreotide derivatives, has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach. While β-particle emitters are currently used in clinical practice, targeted alpha-particle therapy (TAT) shows particular potential for NET treatment. This review examines the physical and radiobiological characteristics of α- and β-particles, evaluates preclinical and clinical evidence for TAT in somatostatin receptor–expressing NETs, and explores both challenges and future developments in α-particle therapy for NETs.

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