Profound taxonomic and functional gut microbiota alterations associated with trichuriasis: cross-country and country-specific patterns

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Abstract
Background: The human gastrointestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in immune modulation, metabolism, and pathogen resistance. Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, including Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), significantly alter gut microbial composition, yet the extent and functional consequences of these changes remain underexplored across different geographical regions. This study investigates the taxonomic and functional impacts of T. trichiura on gut microbiota in three endemic regions - Côte d’Ivoire, Laos, and Tanzania - using a unified high-resolution metagenomic sequencing approach. Results: This study reveals extensive gut microbiota disruptions linked to T. trichiura infection, with both regional and cross-country patterns. A core signature found across all study sites includes depletion of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Eubacterium rectale (Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) producers) and enrichment of mucin-degrading bacteria ( Ruminococcus , Bacteroides ), alongside increased host-derived carbohydrate metabolism. Infection destabilized microbial networks, characterized by reduced connectivity and clustering, with opportunistic taxa such as Segatella copri emerging as network hubs across regions, indicating a shared ecological response. Both taxonomic and functional disruptions exhibited a combination of conserved and region-specific patterns; for example, whereas certain taxa, such as Prevotella and Streptococcus , showed notable geographic variability, specific functional changes, such as SCFA depletion and mucin degradation, were consistently observed across sites. These conserved functional changes suggest that T. trichiura imposes similar metabolic pressures on the gut microbiome across populations, potentially affecting host nutrient availability and immune responses in a predictable manner. Discussion and Conclusion: This study provides robust evidence that T. trichiura infection induces significant and consistent microbiome alterations across diverse populations. The depletion of SCFA-producing bacteria and the enrichment of mucin-degrading taxa, along with corresponding metabolic pathways, imply compromised gut barrier integrity, providing insights into the complex inflammatory processes associated with this helminth infection. Additionally, these microbiome differences could play a critical role in facilitating parasite persistence and reinfection, which remain major challenges limiting the efficacy of global control strategies. Our findings highlight the potential of microbiome-targeted interventions, such as probiotic supplementation or dietary modifications, to mitigate the health impacts of T. trichiura infections by restoring microbial homeostasis.
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