Mindfulness-based and mindfulness-informed interventions for internet use disorders in adolescents and young adults: A three-level random-effects meta-analysis

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Abstract
Background: The pervasive integration of the internet into daily life has rendered Internet Use Disorders (IUDs) a particular threat to adolescents and young adults, whose vulnerability is amplified by a developmental stage characterized by ongoing neurodevelopment and self-exploration. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of mindfulness-based and mindfulness-informed interventions (MBIIs) for this population. Methods: Seven databases were searched from inception to April 2026 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Risk of bias was assessed using the Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2), data were synthesized via three-level random-effects models, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Results: From 28 included RCTs (26 for final analysis; 88 effect sizes), MBIIs yielded a significant overall reduction in IUDs ( d = −1.32, 95% CI [−1.73, −0.91], p < .001). Moderator analyses identified three significant factors influencing treatment efficacy: geographical region, measurement tool, and comparator condition. Discussion and conclusions: Our findings indicate that MBIIs represent an effective intervention for IUDs in youth, offering both therapeutic benefits and preventive potential. These results provide empirical evidence to inform clinicians and policymakers in developing targeted intervention strategies for IUDs.

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