Residual quadrupole interaction in brain and its effect on quantitative sodium imaging

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Abstract
Sodium MRI is particularly interesting given the key role that sodium ions play in cellular metabolism. To measure concentration, images must be free from contrast unrelated to sodium density. However, spin 3/2 NMR is complicated by more than rapid biexponential signal decay. Residual quadrupole interactions (described by frequency ) can reduce Mxy development during RF excitation. Three experiments, each performed on the same four healthy volunteers, demonstrate that residual quadrupole interactions are of concern in quantitative sodium imaging of the brain. The first experiment shows a reliable increase in the rate of excitation ‘flipping’ (1%–6%), particularly in white matter with tracts running superior–inferior (i.e. parallel to B0). Increased flip‐rates imply an associated signal loss and are to be expected when ~ ω1. The second experiment shows that a prescribed flip‐angle decrease from 90° to 20°, with concomitant decrease in TE from 0.25 ms to 0.10 ms and no T1 weighting, results in a 14%–26% saline calibration phantom normalized signal (SN) increase in the white matter regions. The third experiment shows that this (SN) increase is primarily due to a residual quadrupole effect, with a small contribution from T2 weighting. There is an observed deviation from the spin 3/2 biexponential curve, also suggesting dephasing. Using simulation to explain the results of all three experiments, a model of brain tissue is hypothesized. It includes one pool (50%) with = 0, and another (50%) in which has a Gaussian distribution with a standard deviation of 625 Hz. Given the result of the second experiment, it is suggested that the use of reduced flip‐angles with large ω1 will provide more accurate measures of sodium concentration than ‘standard’ methods using 90°pulses. Alternatively, further study of sodium may provide a means to explore tissue structure and organization. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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