Influence of Noise on Scattering-Parameter Measurements

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Abstract
We present a general model of noisy scattering-parameter (S-parameter) measurements performed by a vector network analyzer (VNA). The residual error of the S-parameter due to the noise is examined to appear like a complex Gaussian quotient. The statistical analysis of the residual error is given, and relevant statistical quantities are derived and discussed. Experiments were conducted on a two-port VNA to validate the noise-influenced S-parameter model. We show that the uncertainty due to the noise is often critical in S-parameter measurements, in particular for S-parameters of a small magnitude.
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  • National Institute of Standards and Technology, an agency of the U.S. government, and is not subject to the U.S. copyright

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