The role of leadership in livestock waste innovation adoption: evidence from smallholder sheep farming in Indonesia

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Abstract
This study examines the role of leadership in promoting the adoption of livestock waste processing innovations among smallholder sheep farmers in the highlands of Brebes Regency, Indonesia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 110 farmers, and the data were analyzed to examine both direct and indirect associations between leadership and innovation adoption through multiple behavioral factors. The results show that the adoption level remains low, with only 22 % of farmers reaching the adoption stage, while most are still at the trial phase. Leadership is positively associated with farmers’ interest, motivation, and group conformity, particularly in strengthening members’ participation in collective tasks. However, leadership is not directly associated with innovation adoption. Instead, the observed association is linked to specific mediating pathways. Among the mediators, participation in collective tasks is positively and significantly associated with innovation adoption, indicating that collective action plays a crucial role in encouraging farmers to implement waste processing practices. In contrast, motivation and adherence to group rules are negatively associated with innovation adoption, suggesting that existing motivational drivers and regulatory mechanisms are not yet aligned with innovation goals. These findings highlight that leadership is linked to innovation adoption primarily through group-based mechanisms rather than through a direct association. Strengthening collaborative task implementation and aligning group regulations with innovation objectives are essential to accelerate the transition from trial to full adoption. This study provides practical insights for enhancing institutional capacity and promoting sustainable livestock systems in smallholder contexts.

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