Synthesis and Characterization of Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 Whiskers and their Transformation to (1− x ) Na 0.5 Bi 0.5 TiO 3 – x BaTiO 3 Ceramics

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Abstract
In this paper we report the synthesis of monoclinic Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 whiskers and their transformation to lead‐free 0.93Na 1/2 Bi 1/2 TiO 3 –0.07BaTiO 3 (NBTBT) ceramics. Synthesis of Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 templates was performed using molten salt synthesis method. These whiskers were further characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, and HR‐TEM for structural analysis. Tape‐casting method was used to align the whiskers in base matrix powder and subjected to various processing temperatures to elucidate the microstructure and texture evolution. For this, SEM, HR‐TEM, AFM, and EDS analysis were used as principal tools. The sintering process can be understood by dividing it into three stages, namely (i) transformation of monoclinic whiskers in to NBTBT perovskite phase through topochemical reaction (1050°C). The concentric growth ledges observed on grain surfaces were found to be preferably confined on the corners of cubical grains indicating 〈111〉 growth direction. The Lotgering factor ( f 100 ) for the sintered matrix was found to decrease with increase in sintering temperature. The longitudinal piezoelectric constant ( d 33 ) of samples sintered for 20 h at 1175°, 1200°, and 1225°C was measured to be ∼153, ∼216, and ∼180 pC/N, respectively.

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