Spatial analysis of Collection and Delivery Points (CDPs) in Madrid (Spain): implications of Last-Mile Logistics for urban retail

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Abstract
Traditional urban retail is undergoing a profound transformation due to globalization, digitalization, and shifts in consumer habits, resulting in phenomena such as commercial desertification and changes in store typologies. One of the most significant outcomes of this transition is the rise of online shopping and the associated Last Mile Delivery (LMD) logistics, particularly the proliferation of Collection and Delivery Points (CDPs), including Pick-up Points (PPs) and Automated Parcel Lockers (APLs). This study explores the spatial logic behind the distribution of CDPs and their implications for traditional retail, using the city of Madrid as a case study. To achieve this, data from major logistics companies were first obtained through web scraping. Next, a spatial analysis was conducted using QGIS and GEODA software, considering variables such as public transport accessibility, retail and population density. Finally, PPs were categorized into groups according to their main commercial activity. The findings reveal, on the one hand, a clustering pattern of CDPs in central and commercially vibrant city areas, and on the other hand, that most retail shops operating as PPs are either businesses that already offer parcel and courier services, those that match the profile of online customers, or shops involved in daily grocery activities.