Probing the structure of Leishmania donovani chagasi DHFR-TS: comparative protein modeling and protein–ligand interaction studies

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Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has been used successfully as a drug target in the area of anti-bacterial, anti-cancer and anti-malarial therapy. It also acts as a drug target for Leishmaniasis. Inhibition of DHFR leads to cell death through lack of thymine (nucleotide metabolism). Although the crystal structures of Leishmania major and Trypanosoma cruzi DHFR-thymidylate synthase (TS) have been resolved, to date there is no three-dimensional (3D)-structural information on DHFR-TS of Leishmania donovani chagasi, which causes visceral leishmaniasis. Our aim in this study was to model the 3D structure of L. donovani chagasi DHFR-TS, and to investigate the structural requirements for its inhibition. In this paper we describe a highly refined homology model of L. donovani chagasi DHFR-TS based on available crystallographic structures by using the Homology module of Insight II. Structural refinement and minimization of the generated L. donovani chagasi DHFR-TS model employed the Discover 3 module of Insight II and molecular dynamic simulations. The model was further validated through use of the PROCHECK, Verify_3D, PROSA, PSQS and ERRAT programs, which confirm that the model is reliable. Superimposition of the model structure with the templates L. major A chain, L. major B chain And T. cruzi A chain showed root mean square deviations of 0.69 Å, 0.71 Å and 1.11 Å, respectively. Docking analysis of the L. donovani chagasi DHFR-TS model with methotrexate enabled us to identify specific residues, viz. Val156, Val30, Lys95, Lys75 and Arg97, within the L. donovani chagasi DHFR-TS binding pocket, that play an important role in ligand or substrate binding. Docking studies clearly indicated that these five residues are important determinants for binding as they have strong hydrogen bonding interactions with the ligand.

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