Modern Pig Production: Aspects of Animal Welfare, Sustainability and Circular Bioeconomy

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Abstract
Modern pig production must balance efficiency, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability while embracing circular bioeconomy principles. This review critically examines the scientific literature from the past decade, focusing on the environmental impacts of pig farming, animal welfare considerations, and circular bioeconomy strategies. Key challenges include the ethical treatment of pigs, regulatory frameworks, and the sector’s contribution to climate change through emissions and resource use. Sustainable pig farming relies on innovative housing systems, welfare-oriented management practices, and legislative measures that improve animal welfare. Moreover, integrating circular bioeconomy strategies, which include manure management for biogas production, alternative feed ingredients, and wastewater recycling, enhances resource efficiency while reducing environmental footprints. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodologies provide insight into the environmental impacts of different production systems, guiding policymakers and producers toward more sustainable practices. Despite these advances, further research is needed to optimize feed alternatives, improve manure treatment technologies, and explain how to improve animal welfare standards. This review highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in achieving sustainable pig farming and underscores the need for continued innovation in aligning productivity and environmental aims.

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