On the Analysis of Spatial Bandwidth in Double-Sided Near-Field Extremely Large-Scale MIMO Systems

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Abstract
This paper investigates the spatial bandwidth of line-of-sight (LoS) channels in extra-large MIMO (XL-MIMO) systems. For linear large-scale antenna arrays (LSAAs) with transceivers randomly positioned in 3D space, a simple but accurate closed-form expression is derived to characterize the local spatial bandwidth. Based on this analysis, we examine the properties of local spatial bandwidth and further derive expressions for the effective spatial bandwidth and the achievable degrees of freedom (i.e., the K number) for LSAAs. We also conduct case studies for both coplanar and non-coplanar transmitting and receiving arrays, providing more concise and intuitive expressions for local spatial bandwidth and achievable spatial degrees of freedom. Finally, the impact of array geometry on LoS XL-MIMO channel capacity is explored. When the transmitting and receiving arrays are coplanar and perpendicular to the line connecting their centers, the effective degree of freedom of the LoS channel is found to be approximately maximized. This orientation also maximizes the channel capacity in near-field high-SNR scenarios.
Funding Information
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (62371123)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (62350710796)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (62331024)
  • ZTE Industry-University-Institute Cooperation Funds (IA20240723011-PO0006)
  • Research Fund of National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory Southeast University (2025A03)
  • Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/W026813/1)

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