Boron Uptake by Navel Orange Seedlings as Influenced by Irrigation Water, Rootstock and Soil Texture

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Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential but narrow-range micronutrient for citrus, with toxicity risks heightened in dry regions due to potentially high-B irrigation water and limited soil leaching. ‘Forner-Alcaide 5’ (FA5) is a promising rootstock for enhancing B-tolerance of sweet orange, but it had not been sufficiently tested before this study, specifically considering soil texture. Therefore, this greenhouse study investigated the effects on B absorption and biomass buildup of irrigating navel orange seedlings (cv. Navelina) grafted onto ‘Carrizo’ citrange (CC) and FA5 rootstocks, with 0.11, 2, or 5 mg B L−1 waters and grown in clay loam or sandy loam soils. The results of this complete three-factor trial revealed that leaves are the primary sink for B (24–1300 mg kg−1), indicating passive, transpiration-driven uptake and limited phloem redistribution. The presumed absence of sugar alcohols, and the weak binding affinity of B to the abundant sucrose, may account for the restricted phloem mobility of B in citrus, consistent with the mechanistic interpretation proposed in this study. FA5 rootstock showed greater B tolerance, sustaining 28% higher biomass than CC at 2 mg L−1 B. Plant B uptake was found to be more related to soil soluble B than adsorbed B. Interestingly, the relationship followed a diminishing-returns pattern, thereby suggesting a balancing feedback mechanism, potentially based on B-induced stomatal closure. This analytical link between irrigation B and plant accumulation offers a framework for managing B toxicity, pending field validation.

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