From the Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Disorders to the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: Their Prevalence Rates and Independent Associations in the SIMETAP Study

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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs) remain the leading cause of morbimortality worldwide. The objectives of this study were to update the prevalence rates of ASCVDs and to evaluate their relationship with cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) disorders. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 6588 adults selected through a simple random population-based sample from the Health Service database of the Madrid Region (Spain). Adjusted prevalence rates were calculated by the direct method, according to Spanish population data from the National Institute of Statistics. The relationships of CKM disorders with coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and ASCVD were assessed by bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rates among overall adults with CHD, stroke, PAD, and ASCVD were 3.8%, 3.0%, 1.8%, and 7.3%, respectively, and they reached 5.6%, 4.4%, 2.6%, and 10.8%, respectively, among people aged 40 years and older. The prevalence rates were higher in men than women aged over 40 years for CHD and ASCVD, between 50 and 69 years for stroke, and aged over 60 years for PAD. The mean ages of women and men with ASCVD were 74.9 and 70.2 years, respectively. Hypertension, heart failure (HF), hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, low eGFR, atrial fibrillation (AF), prediabetes, and low HDL-c were independently associated with ASCVD, highlighting hypertension and HF for all of them, in addition to hypercholesterolaemia for CHD and stroke, and specifically, AF for stroke. Conclusions: More than one in ten people aged over 40 suffer from CHD, stroke, or PAD. Hypertension, HF, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, and low eGFR are the major CKM disorders associated with ASCVD.
Funding Information
  • Regional Ministry of Health (RMoH) (05/2010RS)

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