Effect of a sloping bottom on sound propagation

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Abstract
The paper presents the results of field measurements of acoustic fields generated in autumn hydrological conditions of the Sea of Japan shelf by a TON-320Hz autonomous signal emitter, moored in the sea at a depth of 34 m, as well as by a low-frequency pulsed pneumoemitter lowered from from a ship to a horizon of 10 m. Reception was via a hydrophone moored at a depth of 41 m from a digital radio-hydroacoustic buoy and the hydrophone of an autonomous acoustic recorder lowered together with an autonomous hydrological sonde from a drifting ship. Sound propagation from these sources was simulated by a wide-angle parabolic equation taking into account the elastic properties of rocks making up the bottom, as well as by a 3-D mode parabolic equation in the adiabatic approximation for a “fluid” bottom.

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