Bradykinin and kallidin levels in the trapezius muscle in patients with work-related trapezius myalgia, in patients with whiplash associated pain, and in healthy controls – A microdialysis study of women

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Abstract
The origins of chronic muscle pain development and maintenance are debated regarding the relative contributions of peripheral nociception and central pain processing. Bradykinin (BKN) and kallidin (KAL) have been suggested to be algesic kinins involved in muscle pain. This in vivo study investigates whether there were significant differences in interstitial muscle concentrations of BKN and KAL between chronic work-related trapezius myalgia (TM), chronic whiplash associated disorders (WAD), and healthy controls (CON). These subjects were studied at rest, during a 20-min repetitive low-force exercise and recovery. The interstitial concentrations of BKN and KAL of trapezius were determined using the microdialysis technique. The interstitial concentration of KAL was overall significantly higher in TM than in CON. [KAL] and [BKN] increased significantly during the brief exercise in all groups. The increase in [BKN] during exercise was significantly higher in TM than in the other two groups, whereas the increase in [KAL] during exercise was highest in WAD. In chronic pain, positive correlations existed between the two kinins and the difference in pain intensity between recovery and baseline. In this in vivo study of two groups of patients with chronic pain clinically involving the trapezius muscle, we found alterations - most prominent in TM - in the interstitial concentrations of BKN and KAL. The results indicated that the two kinins were involved in aspects of hyperalgesia.

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