Recurrent Conservation Paradoxes: Imperiled Predators Introduced onto a Biodiversity-Rich Island

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Abstract
Background and Research Aims: Conservation efforts often face paradoxes, particularly when introducing threatened species into non-native habitats. Cozumel Island exemplifies such paradoxes with the recent introduction of the ocelot, alongside previously established margay and boa populations, threatening endemic biodiversity. Methods: Long-term wildlife sampling since 1994 involved diverse methods across Cozumel’s varied habitats, including camera traps, line transect sampling, road sampling, and extensive fieldwork to monitor and document wildlife presence. Results: The first documented ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis ) sightings on Cozumel occurred in 2016, captured by camera traps. These records highlight potential establishment risks, especially given the island’s habitat suitability and absence of significant natural predators. Conclusion: The introduction of the ocelot on Cozumel constitutes a critical conservation challenge, reflecting broader issues with managing introduced predators on island ecosystems. Immediate actions are needed to mitigate ecological impacts and prevent further introductions, emphasizing genetic studies for informed conservation strategies. Implications for Conservation: Effective management must include enhanced monitoring, strict control of species introductions, and public education to prevent future threats to Cozumel’s unique biodiversity. Strategic conservation efforts are essential to balance species protection with ecological integrity on island environments.

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