Treating obesity and heart failure: a how-to-manage guide from the European Association for the Study of obesity and the European Society of Hypertension working group on diabetes and metabolic risk factors

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Abstract
Obesity is a key contributor to heart failure, driving increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. This association is supported by multiple pathophysiological mechanisms and consistent epidemiological evidence, particularly not only in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), but also in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Given the rising prevalence of both diseases, integrated management strategies are essential. This review outlines current management options in patients with heart failure and obesity, from lifestyle modification to pharmacological and surgical treatment, and explores emerging treatments aimed at mitigating this growing burden.

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