Association Between Anesthesia Exposure and Neurocognitive and Neuroimaging Outcomes in Long-term Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

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Abstract
Long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with chemotherapy are at risk for neurocognitive impairment, with frequency of impairment as high as 40%.1,2 However, impairment is not fully accounted for by chemotherapy agents, young age at diagnosis, or female sex, which are commonly identified risk factors.3 An additional factor for neurocognitive impairment in survivors is repeated exposure to general anesthesia, which has recently been identified by the US Food and Drug Administration as having a negative association with brain development in young children.4

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