Real-time Malaria Detection in the Amazon Rainforest via Drone-Collected eDNA and Portable qPCR

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Abstract
Emerging zoonotic parasites such as Plasmodium spp. in remote ecosystems demand rapid, field-deployable surveillance. We developed a drone-based environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling approach integrated with a portable quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for in situ detection of Plasmodium DNA. Field trials confirmed malaria parasite DNA in canopy swabs, coinciding spatially with acoustic detection of howler monkeys ( Alouatta sp.), suspected reservoir hosts. No Anopheles mosquitoes were captured in simultaneously deployed insect traps. The end-to-end workflow, from drone deployment to diagnostic readout, averaged 1.5 hours per assay, required only basic mobile-laboratory infrastructure, and bypassed cold-chain logistics. This rapid, non-invasive method delivers actionable surveillance data in real-time, enabling near-real-time trigger points for vector-control interventions and clinical response in remote settings. By merging environmental genomics with portable diagnostics, we establish a scalable One Health framework adaptable to diverse vector-borne parasites and ecosystems, with potential for early detection and spillover risk mitigation in under-monitored, high-risk environments.
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