Hierarchically Porous SnO2 Nanoparticle-Anchored Polypyrrole Nanotubes as a High-Efficient Sulfur/Polysulfide Trap for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

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Abstract
Conductive supports could improve the electrical conductivity of the electrode in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries but suffer from the shuttle effect originated from the polysulfides dissolution, while the hydrophilic metal oxides could avoid the shuttle effect but with poor conductivity. Herein, a facile approach was developed to fabricate the hierarchically porous tin oxides (SnO2) nanoparticles anchored tubular polypyrrole (T-PPy) as sulfur host, in order to integrate the advantages of conductive supports and metal oxides but overcome their shortcomings. In the unique structure, the T-PPy nanotubes acted as conductive network to not only improve the electrical conductivity of cathodes but also accommodate the volume expansion of sulfur cathode during cycling as well as relatively confine the polysulfides diffusion, while the SnO2 nanoparticles served as high-efficient polysulfides trap to mitigate the shuttle effect due to the chemical bond between SnO2 and polysulfides. Moreover the hierarchically porous structure and therefore large surface area of the proposed S/(T-PPy)@SnO2 cathode were favorable for the accommodation of sulfur and lithium sulfides. Consequently, the S/(T-PPy)@SnO2 with 64.7% sulfur mass content exhibited excellent cyclic stability with a decay rate of only 0.05% per cycle along with 500 cycles at 1 C, rate capability of 383.7 mAh/g at 5 C, and coulombic efficiency above 90%, outstanding among most of the reported PPy-based sulfur cathodes and PPy-based ternary sulfur cathodes.

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