Hyper-intensive culture of white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) in pho-toheterotrophic systems

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Abstract
Objetive. The aim of this review is to analyze published information regarding hyper-intensive white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) cultivation in photoheterotrophic systems. Design/methodology/approach: Research focused on collecting data from Elsevier, Scielo, Wiley online library, Pumed, Springer, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. Information was limited to white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Results. Various studies on shrimp cultivation exist, emphasizing laboratory or pilot experiments examining water quality, biological variables, yield, production, and survival. Cultivation systems are classified into extensive (low shrimp density), semi-intensive (higher density), and hyper-intensive (using fertilizers, artificial feed, and aeration for optimal water quality). Water quality, solid residues, microalgae type, and environmental factors impact whiteleg shrimp development, yield, and survival. Limititations on study/Implications. White shrimp cultivation is extensively studied; however, information on hyper-intensive photoheterotrophic cultivation is scarce. Findings/Conclutions. Hyper-intensive photoheterotrophic cultures show significant development potential for improved shrimp production. As floc-based cultures, they resemble biofloc systems. Despite their promise, research on photoheterotrophic cultures is limited, potentially yielding better responses in terms of development, production, and water quality.

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