Magnetic Polyoxometalate@Biochar Catalysts for Selective Acetalization of Glycerol into Fuel Additive

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Abstract
The development of sustainable catalysts from renewable resources is a key challenge for reducing the cost of industrial catalytic processes and waste valorization. In this work, low-cost heterogeneous active catalysts were prepared based on pyrolyzed forest residues, forming valuable porous support materials (Biochar) able to efficiently accommodate the highly active heteropolyacid HPW12. Further, magnetic functionality was incorporated in the novel catalytic materials by the impregnation of NiFe2O4. The resulting magnetic composites were characterized by FTIR-ATR, SEM-EDS, ICP-OES, BET, XRD, potentiometric titration and magnetometry. The novel HPW12@NiFe2O4@Biochar composites were able to valorize the glycerol to produce the fuel additive solketal with high conversion and high selectivity after only 3 h of reaction via acetalization reaction with acetone. The biochar catalytic composite prepared from cork presented higher pore size than the same prepared from forest biomass. This property was crucial to achieve the best conversion (89%) and the highest solketal selectivity (96%). Additionally, reusability capacity was verified, supporting the potential of the cork-pyrolyzed-based composites as potential low-cost catalytic material to produce fuel additives, such as solketal, under sustainable conditions. This may contribute one step further toward a future with greener energy, increasing the viability of biodiesel industry waste.
Funding Information
  • FCT/MECI, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Educação, Ciência e Inovação (UID/50006/2025)
  • CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDB/50011/2020)
  • CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDP/50011/2020)
  • CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (LA/P/0006/2020)

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