Listening to the Atmosphere: Using Infrasound Observations to Infer Atmospheric Conditions

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Abstract
The stratosphere and mesosphere are important regions for the prediction of weather at the Earth's surface for medium‐ and long‐range forecasts. The availability of observations in these layers is lower than that of the troposphere, especially for the dynamics. While seeking new observational sources is important, there are existing infrasound data sets that provide indirect observations of these layers to be exploited. Infrasound waves generated at the Earth's surface travel horizontally and vertically through the atmosphere, and can be detected by sensor arrays at ranges of hundreds or thousands of kilometers. These waves are affected by the atmospheric conditions they encounter during propagation, and the integrated contributions can be observed in the recorded observations. Inverse problem techniques can be readily used to extract information from these integrated observations and provide valuable data related to the atmospheric conditions. We exploit observations from controlled ammunition explosions in Oklahoma, which generate waves traveling to 30–50 km altitude before being refracted back to the surface and detected 256 km from the explosion site. As model background we use the 10‐member European Reanalysis product, valid 1 hr before the explosions. We use the Modulated Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter to combine these two sources of information and obtain updated atmospheric profiles. The assimilated observations bring the atmospheric profiles closer to those obtained by solely interpolating the reanalysis product to the time of the explosions. The most benefited altitudes are those close to the refraction heights of the infrasound waves, 35–55 km.

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