Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and Class 1 integrons in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from turkeys

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Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and implication of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing and Class 1 integrons (int1) gene carriers Escherichia coli isolates that demonstrated multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes and was isolated from turkeys that suffered from respiratory manifestation. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 freshly dead turkey poults that suffered from respiratory manifestations, with a history of treatment failure at Hefna, Belbis, Sharqia (Egypt) were sampled. From each bird lung and liver were aseptically collected and transported for laboratory investigations. Results: Examination of samples collected from 120 freshly dead turkey poults revealed the isolation of coagulase-positive staphylococci, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., and E. coli with the prevalence rates of 12/120 (10%), 30/120 (35%), 17/120 (14.2%), 5/120 (4.1%), 17/120 (14.2%), 6/120 (5%), 7/120 (5.8%), and 18/120 (15%), respectively. E. coli isolates were subjected for serotyping and characterization, while the rest of isolates were preserved to be investigated later in further studies. Serogrouping of E. coli isolates revealed the identification of O119, O6, O8, and O169, while 1/18 isolate was untypable. Studying phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility profiles of isolates revealed that 18/18 (100%) of isolates demonstrated resistance against cefuroxime, tetracycline, and trimethoprim, 16/18 (88.9%) of isolates demonstrated resistance to amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin, 14/18 (77.8%) of isolates demonstrated resistance to doxycycline and ciprofloxacin, and 9/18 (50%) of isolates showed resistance to gentamycin. Double disk synergy test showed that 6/18 (33.3%), 8/18 (44.4%), and 13/18 (72.2%) of isolates demonstrated the phenotypic pattern of ESBL producers with cefepime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone, respectively. Genotypic attributes for beta-lactamase TEM gene and int1 gene were studied by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and revealed that 17/18 (94.4%) of isolates were positive for both genes. Embryo lethality test indicated that the 18 studied E. coli isolates were considered primary pathogens. Conclusion: The results revealed that 18/18 (100%) of E. coli isolates demonstrated MDR against three or more antibiotic groups, 9/18 (50%) of isolates showed extensive resistance against the nine tested chemotherapeutic agents from seven antibiotic groups. It is recommended to monitor the circulation of MDR and ESBL-producing pathogens in poultry production in a one health approach, as a preventive measure to mitigate the risk imposed on public health.

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