Composite alginate microspheres as the next-generation egg-box carriers for biomacromolecules delivery

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Abstract
Alginate microspheres are versatile tools for the delivery of a wide range of therapeutic biomacromolecules. This naturally occurring biopolymer has many unique properties making it an ideal candidate for tailoring with different composites of polymers leading to the formation of strong complexes for a broad range of applications. This article overviews various types of composite alginate microspheres, methods of preparation, new technologies available, physico-chemical characteristics, controlled release profiles, applications and the future directions of composite alginate microsphere delivery system for biomacromolecules. Composite alginate microsphere systems are the ideal carriers for controlled delivery applications because of their ability to encapsulate a myriad of therapeutic drugs, proteins, enzymes, DNA, antisense oligonucleotides, vaccines, growth factors and chemokines as well as the ease of processing, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, high bioavailability, controlled release rates, stability, suitability for different administration modes, targeted/localized delivery of different agents and large-scale production with cost-effectiveness. This article presents updated information of applying microalginate-based technologies and tools in the biomedical field which will benefit research scientists and clinical physicians or biopharmaceutical industries keen in the development of application-based new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for various diseases. Furthermore, this technology will play more important roles in biosensors, vaccination, tissue engineering, cancer chemotherapeutics and stem cell research.

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