Serving More People or Reaching Farther? Landscape Feature Synergies and Trade-Offs in Urban Park Recreational Services

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Abstract
Understanding how urban park landscape features are associated with service population and service radius can inform park planning and management. In Changsha, China, this study measured both indicators for 29 parks on one weekday and one weekend day in spring 2025 using mobile signaling data, quantified landscape features from multisource data, and examined their associations. Service population and service radius were not highly correlated. The adjusted R2 values for the two indicators were 71.8% and 84.5%, respectively. Park area and the number of parking lots within the park were significantly associated with both indicators in the same direction. Percent vegetation cover and the number of stores within the park were significantly associated with the two indicators in opposite directions. Elevation, presence of large-scale flower landscapes, distance to the nearest subway station, number of surrounding bus stops, distance to the city center, slope, percent water body, edge density of vegetation patches, number of public restrooms, and number of surrounding residential quarters were significantly associated with only one indicator. These findings reveal synergistic, trade-off, and indicator-specific association patterns between landscape features and urban park recreational services, and may inform differentiated urban park planning and management.
Funding Information
  • Education Department of Hunan Province (25c0159)
  • Education Department of Hunan Province (CX20251079)
  • Hunan Key Laboratory of Land and Resources Evaluation and Utilization (SYS-ZX-202405)
  • Hunan Agricultural University (2025xkc108)

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