Human Metabolite Lamotrigine-N2-glucuronide Is the Principal Source of Lamotrigine-Derived Compounds in Wastewater Treatment Plants and Surface Water

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Abstract
Wastewater and surface water samples, extracted with four solid phase extraction cartridges of different chemistries, were suspect-screened for the anticonvulsant lamotrigine (LMG), its metabolites and related compounds. LMG, three human metabolites and a LMG synthetic impurity (OXO-LMG) were detected. Preliminary results showed significantly higher concentrations of OXO-LMG in wastewater effluent, suggesting its formation in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, biodegradation experiments with activated sludge demonstrated that LMG is resistant to degradation and that its human metabolite LMG-N2-glucuronide (LMG-N2-G) is the actual source of OXO-LMG in WWTPs. In batch reactors, LMG-N2-G was transformed, following pseudo-first order kinetics to OXO-LMG and LMG, but kinetic experiments suggested incomplete mass balance. A fragment ion search applied to batch-reactor and environmental samples revealed another transformation product (TP), formed by LMG-N2-G oxidation, which was identified by high...
Funding Information
  • Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
  • Generalitat de Catalunya (2014 SGR 291, 2014 SGR 418)
  • Seventh Framework Programme (60343)

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