Photodegradation of Fipronil by Zn-AlPO4 Materials Synthesized by Non-Hydrolytic Sol–Gel Method

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Abstract
In recent decades, the increasing use of pesticides to improve food productivity has led to the release of effluents that contaminate the environment. To prepare a material that may help to treat effluents generated during agricultural practice, we used a new method based on the non-hydrolytic sol-gel route to obtain zinc photocatalysts in aluminophosphate matrixes. IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, differential scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion spectroscopy, and specific surface area and pore volume determined from the nitrogen adsorbed were used to characterize materials treated at different temperatures. X-ray analysis showed how heat-treatment affected the structure of the material: Zn-AlPO4 in the trigonal and orthorhombic phase was obtained at 750 and 1000 °C, respectively. These phases directly influenced the ability of the material to generate OH radicals. The capacity of the materials to treat effluents was tested in the photodegradation of the pesticide Fipronil. The photocatalytic reactions were monitored by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Zn-AlPO4 treated at 750 °C showed better photodegradation results--it removed 80% of the pesticide in 2 h when higher mass (150 mg) was tested. Long-time treatment of the effluent with Zn-AlPO4 treated at 750 °C completely photodegraded Fipronil. GC-MS analysis confirmed the photodegration profile, and only traces of Fipronil were observed after photocatalytic reaction for 120 min in the presence of Zn-AlPO4 treated at 750 °C under UV radiation.
Funding Information
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP (2013/19523–3, 2017/15482–1, 2020/06712–6, 311767/2015–0, 303135/2018–2, 310151/2021-0, 305180/2019-3, 405217/2018-8, 1998/11022–3, 2005/00720–7, 2011/03335–8, 2012/11673–3, 2016/01501–1)
  • Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)—finance code 001—and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq (2013/19523–3, 2017/15482–1, 2020/06712–6, 311767/2015–0, 303135/2018–2, 310151/2021-0, 305180/2019-3, 405217/2018-8, 1998/11022–3, 2005/00720–7, 2011/03335–8, 2012/11673–3, 2016/01501–1)
  • Brazilian group was financed by FAPESP (2013/19523–3, 2017/15482–1, 2020/06712–6, 311767/2015–0, 303135/2018–2, 310151/2021-0, 305180/2019-3, 405217/2018-8, 1998/11022–3, 2005/00720–7, 2011/03335–8, 2012/11673–3, 2016/01501–1)

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