Hemocyte-hemocyte adhesion by granulocytes is associated with cellular immunity in the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus

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Abstract
In this study, more than 1,000 cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) hemocytes were classified based on their size and morphology. These hemocytes were classified into six types: granulocytes, plasmatocytes, prohemocytes, spherulocytes, coagulocytes, and oenocytoids. Hemocyte cultures was observed in real time to determine which hemocytes were associated with cellular immune responses against potential pathogens. Granulocytes were identified as the professional immune cell that mediates nodulation, encapsulation, and phagocytosis of pathogens. Granulocytes have been shown to actively produce various sticky nets (amoeba-like hairs and extracellular traps) from their plasma membranes that they use to gather other hemocytes and to implement cellular immune responses. The activation of lysosomes in granulocytes started at 4 h, peaked at 12 h, and returned to baseline by 24 h post-infection. At 48 h post-infection, cells could be found within the cytoplasm of granulocytes and reactivated lysosomes surrounding these cells were visible. This result seems to reflect a phenomenon in which necrotic granulocytes are removed by other healthy granulocytes. This unique mechanism of cellular immunity is therefore a way to efficiently and effectively remove pathogens and simultaneously maintain healthy hemocytes.

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