When One Letter Has Many Voices: Introducing Phonetic Inclusiveness Through the Dutch R

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Abstract
This article introduces the concept of Normative Phonetic Inclusiveness (NPI), defined as the degree to which a speech community recognizes multiple phonetic realizations of the same phonological category as equally legitimate within a shared linguistic norm. Using the Dutch rhotic (/r/) system as an exploratory case, the paper argues that the sociolinguistic significance of phonetic variation extends beyond its role as a marker of social identity to include the social organization of linguistic legitimacy. Contemporary Dutch accommodates a wide range of rhotic realizations without systematically privileging a single variant, providing an opportunity to examine how linguistic communities regulate diversity within a stable normative framework. Rather than proposing a causal relationship between pronunciation and broader cultural values, the article suggests that linguistic norms and other social norms emerge within the same historical and institutional ecology. Drawing on sociolinguistics and classical sociological theories of norms, the study conceptualizes NPI as a property of speech communities rather than individual speakers and distinguishes it from established concepts such as phonetic variation, linguistic prestige, and language ideology. The Dutch case serves as a theoretically motivated illustration for developing a broader framework of linguistic legitimacy, with the aim of stimulating future comparative research on how different speech communities organize the acceptance of phonetic diversity.

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