Fabrication and stabilization of green nanosilver using gardenia yellow natural dyes for efficient degradation of bacteria

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Abstract
The various applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are brutally hampered in the practical field due to their instability and aggregation features. Thus, highly stable colloidal AgNPs were produced in obedience to the principle of ‘green chemistry’ that uses natural dyes extracted from gardenia fruits as stabilizing and simultaneously as reducing agents. The effect of operating conditions on the synthesis of AgNPs was studied using a one‐variable‐at‐a‐time technique to maximize the growth of particles. The analysis of AgNPs produced at optimum reaction parameters discovered that the particles are face‐centered cubic metallic silver, mostly in spherical shapes, nano‐ranged in diameter (23.4 ± 6.4 nm) with a confined size distribution, enormously crystalline surface (d‐spacing = 0.233 nm), firmly stabilized (zeta potential = −29.0 mV) by a thin membrane of gardenia phytochemicals. They exhibited significant bacterial reduction inhibition against the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus owing to the strong antibacterial function of nanosilver.

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