Effects of CGA-92194 on the Chemical Reactivity of Metolachlor with Glutathione and Metabolism of Metolachlor in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

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Abstract
In laboratory experiments, the safener CGA-92194 {α-[(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methoxy)imino] benzeneacetonitrile} increased the in vitro chemical reactivity of the herbicide metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] for glutathione (GSH) when tested at 1, 50, and 100μM. Pretreatment of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. cv. ‘G623’] seeds with the safener CGA-92194 (1.25 g ai/kg of seeds) enhanced significantly the amount of14C-metolachlor absorbed by the roots and translocated to the shoots and leaves of grain sorghum seedlings grown hydroponically in a nutrient solution. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of methanol-soluble extracts from roots or shoots and leaves of sorghum seedlings treated with14C-metolachlor revealed the detection of 8 to 10 metabolites of this herbicide. One of the major metabolites detected was tentatively identified as the conjugate of metolachlor with GSH. A safener-induced stimulation of metolachlor metabolism via conjugation to GSH was observed in sorghum seedlings grown from seeds pretreated with CGA-92194. Addition of tridiphane [2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)oxirane], a potent inhibitor of plant GSH-S-transferase enzymes, to the nutrient solution of hydroponically grown sorghum seedlings reduced the formation of GS-metolachlor in both control and safener-treated seedlings and minimized the stimulatory effect of the safener CGA-92194 on the conjugation of metolachlor to GSH. It is suggested that the safener CGA-92194 may protect grain sorghum against injury from the herbicide metolachlor by stimulating the spontaneous and enzymatic conjugation of this herbicide with GSH.

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